OS File Systems
A File System is an integral part of an OS. A File System is a data structure that stores data and information on storage devices (hard drives, floppy disc, etc.), making them easily retrievable. Different OS’s use different file systems, but all have similar features.
The most important part of the file system is the method used to index files on the hard drive. This index allows the OS to locate specific files. Typically, this index is based on file names, but different operating systems and file systems use different indexing methods.
Windows: 3 file systems
In the Windows environment, you will find one of three file systems, each with different indexing methods.
- The File Allocation Table (FAT) file system: This system uses what is known as a to index the files on the disc. This file allocation table is simple to implement and use, but can be somewhat slow. It divides hard disks into one or more partitions (parts) that become letters, like C:, D:, etc. There are different sizes of FAT, e.g, 12, 16, or 32.
- The NTFS (New Technology File System): NTFS uses B-trees that, while complex, allow for very fast access times. It builds on the features of FAT, adds new features, and changes a few others. It is a recoverable file system, which means that it keeps track of actions in the file system.
- exFAT (extensible FAT): A lightweight file system used primarily in flash storage applications and SD cards. It has large file size and partition size limits, which means you can store files over 4GB on a flash drive or SD card that is formatted with exFAT.
Mac OS
In the macOS environment you will find the HFS+ file system (pronounce it HFS Plus )1. As of June 2016, Apple has implemented their new file system “APFS”. This has become the replacement for HFS+ on macOS High Sierra and onward, as well as iOS 10.3+.
Linux
Depending on which type of Linux environment you are running, you may run into several different file systems. Some of them are ext2, ext3, and ext4. XFS, JFS, and a few others are also used. ext3 is a journaling2 extension to the ext2 file system on Linux. ext4 is the successor to ext3.3
Checking what File System your Computer has
Which file system is being used can be checked depending on what kind of computer you have.
Mac
If Mac, you should be able to find the main storage on Finder:
Your storage should say something like “Macintosh HD”. Right click on it, get the drop down.
Then “Get Info” to open this window:
You can see that on this computer, it’s “APFS”.
Windows
In Windows, go to Explorer and right click on your drive (probably C:).
Click Properties
You can see that on this computer, it’s NTFS.
Linux
There are a variety of commands that will check the file system on a Linux computer. You can try df -T
.
Footnotes
- HFS + uses something known as a B-Tree to index the files on the hard discs. B-Trees (which generalize binary search trees) allow for fast access time, much like the binary tree. APFS also uses the B-Tree to index files ↩︎
- Journaling is a method of recording data that results in massively reduced time spent recovering a file system after a crash. XFS is very fast and also uses B-Trees for its file indexing. ↩︎
- Another file system for Linux is btrfs (pronounced “BetterFS” or “B-tree FS”). It uses a B-tree, like HFS+/APFS.
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